Work on the construction of the Golitsyn Hospital was carried out for five years — from 1796 to 1801, led by Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov, a Russian architect and a prominent representative of Russian pseudo-Gothic. The funds for the construction of the hospital were bequeathed by Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn, who died in 1794.

Golitsyn Hospital was the first medical institution built exclusively for the poorest segments of the population of the Russian capital. It housed hospital wards, many treatment rooms, offices, an almshouse, and also provided premises that were used as living rooms for doctors and hospital staff.

When building the hospital complex, architect Kazakov used a traditional scheme, according to which the vast majority of manor estates were built at that time. The core of the architectural ensemble was the building of the main house, the church and side wings located in the very center, as well as a number of service buildings that closed the service buildings together with the brick fence courtyards.

The architectural ensemble of the hospital originated from Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya Street, and ended with the embankment of the Moscow River. Following the tradition according to which most of the capital's estates were built, the main building of the hospital was located in the very depths of the main entrance.